Introduction

The Philippines is known as the only Christian country in East Asia. About 66 percent of the population are nominal or committed Roman Catholics and about seven percent of the population are Protestant. However, much of the Christianity is mixed with animism, creating Folk Christianity.

Indigenous religions

The first Filipinos practised animistic religions. Since there are over 7000 islands there was a great diversity of animistic belief and practice, just as there are many tribal groups and languages. Successive waves of immigrants introduced Hinduism and Islam, and later Christianity.
Records made by Spanish settlers and missionaries, and existing tribal religion, show that the indigenous Filipinos believed in a supreme sky god, or creator god. This god was invisible, his name was sacred and only spoken during rituals, and no images of him were made. He was believed to be so far from humanity that contact was often made via lower deities, in the form of prayers and rituals. These lower deities were divided into benign and malign, and both were petitioned or appeased.
There was also belief in a kind of ‘trinity’ of gods. Beneath the sky-god was his son, who was usually associated with the sun. There was also another god who was a kind of inherent spirit. (Although this belief bears some similarity to Christian ideas, it also has parallels in Hinduism and Pacific religions.) Generally no images were made of any of these gods.

Primitive animism

The ancient beliefs also included animism. Spirits were thought to dwell in all objects, particularly natural features such as trees, rocks, water, weather conditions. Offerings were made to these spirits, and places where malign spirits were believed to dwell were avoided. Animals were also believed to house spirits, and humans were believed to have kindred animal spirits. Thus some animals were considered sacred or symbolic.

Life after death

Most Filipino tribes believed in life after death, and the widespread belief was in a heaven for the good and a hell for the bad. Heaven and hell were generally thought to be divided into different levels, through which the soul could move by gaining merit. Some tribes believed that souls went to different places according to how they died. In many regions of the Philippines, it was thought that people had more than one soul; sometimes three souls, sometimes two. Of the two, the good soul went to heaven and the bad one went to hell or remained on earth. Some tribes still believe that if a child is born close to the death of a family member, the child will receive a part of the dead person’s soul. Ancestor worship was also practised, with the spirits of the ancestors remaining on earth or visiting the living.
Many of these beliefs are still held by tribal groups, and many have been mixed with Christianity.

Roman Catholicism in the Philippines

Spanish settlers arrived in the Philippines in the early 1500s. They named the archipelago after their king, Philip II, in 1542, and in 1565 the islands were conquered by Spain. Roman Catholic missionaries were among the early settlers. They began teaching and converting almost immediately, but allowed existing Filipino culture to coexist with Christian belief and church teachings.
This understanding produced the Folk Catholicism which prevails in the Philippines. That is, the coexistence of animism and Catholicism. Filipinos believing in this do not perceive inconsistencies between the two.
The mix of Folk Catholicism is evident in daily Filipino life. In Catholic areas, the local spirits of animist belief have been largely replaced with local patron saints. A crucifix or cross is believed to ward off evil spirits in the same way as an amulet. In buses and taxis there is often a shrine or statue of the Virgin Mary or baby Jesus, believed to protect those who travel. There are also Christian slogans and pictures in public places.
Shrines are visited, particularly around the times of Christian festivals, such as Easter. Some shrines are ostensibly Christian but are built on the site of pagan shrines and still used for animistic or psychic purposes.
It is also common to attend church (usually Mass) regularly or hold Christian beliefs but also to follow animistic practices. Some people visit a spirit doctor if they are ill or have a problem with another person. They might make sacrifices or offerings to spirits for appeasement or when asking for good health or good crops. This would include people in rural and urban areas, the well educated and the uneducated. Tribal animistic practises range from low-key rituals (performed by some Christians as well as non-Christians) such as burning something bad-smelling when ill, in order to ward off evil spirits (who are believed to hate bad smells), to the possession of a familiar spirit and sacrifices to appease it.

Filipino view of Christ

The Filipino view of Christ also differs from the Western Protestant view of Christ, not just because it is complicated with existing Filipino culture, but because it has been based on the traditional Spanish view of Christ. Spanish Catholicism has been characterised by a deep sense of tragedy, a dread of or obsession with death, and religious contemplation of the wounds and death of Christ. The occupation of Spain by North Africans is said to have influenced the development of their faith, perhaps in particular the identification with suffering and oppression. Rather than the triumphant risen Christ or the pre-crucifixion, teaching Christ, the popular image is of the tragic, crucified Christ, or of the Christ child with his mother. In the Philippines, these two images of Christ are also the most popular. He is commonly known as the Santo Niño (Holy Child) or the Santo Entierro (Interred Christ). These serve to illustrate that common knowledge of Christ centres on his birth and death, not on his years of teaching, nor on his role as Messiah, or on his resurrection and ascension.

Ancestor veneration

Ancestor veneration is also practised in some areas and on All Souls Day (31 October) many people, including those with Christian beliefs, visit graveyards to tend the graves of deceased relatives and to offer food. These activities have grown out of ancient beliefs surrounding death, the afterlife and the spirits of ancestors. The spirits of the dead were appeased in order to prevent them from harming the living, or worse, taking the living with them to the realm of the dead. Death was feared because of the spirits. Many animistic tribal communities still believe in ancestral spirits and base their lives around appeasement or avoidance. In other areas the fear of death has been absorbed into Catholicism.

Cults in the Philippines

Around 18 percent of the population are involved in cults, many of which are quasi-Christian splinter groups.

Iglesia Ni Kristo

One of the strongest religious groups in the Philippines is the Iglesia Ni Kristo (the church of Christ). From their modern centre in Quezon City this religious group who deny the cardinal tenets of the Christian faith have expanded throughout the Philippines and the world.
They have grown mostly amongst the lower middle class and working people with a centrally defined approach to ministry. The leadership provide the content for the weekly sermons and giving to the church is closely monitored. At election time the leadership is able to deliver a block vote to a favoured candidate. Consequently they are a powerful force in Philippine society.

Pray for

Sensitivity for missionaries explaining the differences between folk or nominal Christianity and a relationship with the living God
Committed Filipino Christians to be able to share their faith, and for spiritual strength for those who are isolated in a largely non-Christian community
Animistic tribal areas and the Islamic southern Philippines; so far resistant to the gospel
Effective witness of Christ the saviour and Christ the healer, of his triumph over evil and his affiliation with the poor, oppressed and needy, to those stuck in fear of death or evil, or a lifestyle of poverty
Good Bible teaching in churches and Bible schools

Definition

Folk Christianity refers, in this factsheet, to a mix of animism and Christian beliefs (Roman Catholic, Protestant or both). Folk Catholicism is the more common version, since the Spanish occupation meant that Roman Catholicism was widespread, and the majority of the population now call themselves Catholic.